2019 Scienceline Publication  
Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism  
Volume 9, Issue 3: 17-23; May 25, 2019  
ISSN-2252-0430  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2019.jceu3  
Physico-Chemical Characterization and Ground Water  
Quality Assessment in Selected Area of Uvwie Local  
Government in Delta State, Nigeria  
Ikebude, Chiedozie. F and Onovughe, Emmanuel Idje  
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria  
*Corresponding author’s Email: chiedozie.ikebude@uniport.edu.ng  
ABSTRACT: The status of the ground water in Uvwie local Government Area and its surrounding environment  
was evaluated in this study. The aim of the research was to evaluate the physico-chemical composition and quality  
profile of the ground water. A total of twenty samples were collected from boreholes and hand dug wells and  
analysed. Iron chromatography and titrimetric method were employed for the analysis. The results shows that  
almost all the physico-chemical parameter such as PH (5.11 -8.46), temperature (24.5oC - 26.8oC) EC (12.87µs/cm  
-34µs/cm) TDS (6.44mg/l-440mg/l) fall within the limit recommended by WHO and Nigeria Industrial Standard.  
Chemical parameters has the following results: Cl-(8mg/l - 250mg/l), Na+ (2.13mg/l - 957mg/l) K+ (0.192mg/l -  
15.86mg/l) Ca2+ (0.173mg/l - 88.34mg/l), Mn (0.02mg/l-0.43mg/l), Fe2+(0.01mg/l - 1.65mg/l). The concentration  
of Pb2+ was 0.009mg/l in all locations. All major Ions revealed that concentration is within limits of both standards.  
The study concludes that the water is save for drinking and domestic purposes. However, bacteriological and  
radiological test should be researched.  
Keywords: Ground water, Boreholes, Dug wells, Iron chromatography, Titrimetric method, WHO, NIS  
INTRODUCTION  
impact on the environment has led to changes in the  
biophysical environment, ecosystem and natural resources  
(Wikipedia, 2019). This has resulted in global warming  
and increase in the pollution of the environment, which in  
turn has affected the quality of ground water. The quality  
of ground water depends on the quality of recharged  
water, atmospheric precipitation, inland surface water,  
and sub-surface geochemical processes (Binu et al, 2014).  
The availability of good quality water is an indispensable  
feature for preventing disease and improving quality of  
life (Oluduru and Aderiye, 2007). The quality of ground  
water in some African countries are still below acceptable  
limit as stipulated by the World Health Organisation  
(WHO) as many sources of ground water pollution can  
still be found in most African countries.  
In Nigeria, the rate of urbanization characterized by high  
population concentration, increasing industrial and  
agricultural activities coupled with environmental  
pollution degradation and indiscriminate disposal of all  
kind of waste are perceived to pose serious pollution treat  
with all its health hazard on ground water quality  
especially in urban areas (Kehinde, 1998; Adelana et all  
2003; Adelana et al., 2004).  
Fresh water is considered to be the most important  
earth natural resources that is essential for human  
existence yet fresh water is just a finite resource which  
requires careful management if human existence is  
required to survive. The global water resources is about  
97.2% of salt water mainly found in oceans and only  
2.8% is available as fresh water (Raghunath, 2006). Out  
of the 2.8% of fresh water, only 0.6% is found as ground  
water with about 0.25% that can be economically  
extracted with the present drilling techniques (Raghunath,  
2006).  
The sources of ground water pollution include open  
dumpsites, poorly constructed or unmaintained landfill,  
latrines and other waste sites (Asadu, 2016). The ground  
water can also be polluted by infiltration of acidic rain to  
the ground water aquifer which is one of the major source  
of ground water pollution in regions that engage in gas  
flaring. Another major source can be from the overuse of  
pesticide and fertilizer for agricultural purposes, as  
Due to the ever growing population growth on earth  
and the level of industrialization, the anthropogenic  
To cite this paper: Ikebude Ch.F. and Onovughe E.I. (2019). Physico-Chemical Characterization and Ground Water Quality Assessment in Selected Area of Uvwie Local  
Government in Delta State, Nigeria. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 9 (3): 17-23. www.ojceu.ir  
17  
Ikebude and Onovughe, 2019  
harmful chemical can migrate toward the ground water  
aquifer.  
The water quality is determined by the physico-  
approximately 36 mega litre per day, taking the average  
daily consumption per capital to be 120l/d. The people in  
this area are predominantly occupied with industrial  
activities which include oil and gas, construction,  
production etc. which contribute to ground water  
pollution due to waste discharge from the by-product of  
their activities.  
chemical parameter of the water and the water quality  
index. The physico-chemical parameter shows the  
physical and chemical constituents of the ground water  
which can be determined by standard procedures such as  
the America Public Health Association (APHA)  
Standards, thereafter the level will be compared with  
acceptable limit stipulated by the WHO. The Water  
Quality Index is a value that enable one to know at a  
glance the level of quality of the water without looking at  
the individual physical or chemical constituent of the  
water. The water quality index was introduced by  
National Sanitation Foundation (1970).  
MATERIAL AND METHODS  
Sample Collection  
Water sample were collected from nine selected  
locations (Figure 2) in Uvwie local Government Area, see  
Table 1 for the geographical coordinate of sampling  
points. The samples were collected in washed and clean  
1.5 litres plastic container with cock tap at laminar flow  
after the tap was allowed to flow for about five minute to  
avoid any water retained in the pipe being taken as  
sample. The collection procedure was done according to  
prescribed sample collection procedure.  
The water samples collected were transported to the  
laboratory the same day and analyses were done to obtain  
the physico-chemical parameters of the ground water  
according to APHA (2001).  
The study is aimed at characterizing the ground  
water in selected area of Uvwie local government area in  
Delta state, Nigeria along the line of their physico-  
chemical constituents  
The study area is in Effurun Delta State in Nigeria.  
Uvwie is located geographically between longitude 5.40’  
and 5.50’ East and between latitude 5.30’ and 5.50’ North  
as shown in Figure 1, at an elevation of 8m above mean  
sea level. The land area is approximately 100 square  
kilometres and it is bounded by Okpe Kingdom in the  
North and Udu and Ughievwen in the North-West,  
Agbarho kingdom in the North East, Agbarho-Ame in the  
East, Okere Kingdom in the South and Itsekiri in the  
South .  
Figure 2. Location Map of Sampling points  
Table 1. Geographical Coordinate of sampling points  
S/N  
Sampling Points  
Latitude  
Longitude  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Refinery Road  
PTI Road  
5°34'9.08"N  
5°34'4.86"N  
5°33'44.76"N  
5°32'32.42"N  
5°33'14.93"N  
5°34'39.68"N  
5°33'32.87"N  
5°33'49.93"N  
5°44'60.00"E  
5°47'49.02"E  
5°46'5.19"E  
5°45'59.22"E  
5°47'8.25"E  
5°49'0.93"E  
5°46'19.92"E  
5°43'47.33"E  
Jakpa Road  
Bendel Estate  
Effurun Market  
Okuokoko  
Figure 1. Location Map of Uvwie Local Government  
Area, in Delta State  
Okorodudu Road  
Ekpan  
The population of the study area is approximately  
about three hundred thousand (300,000) people. The  
total water demand required by the community is  
NPA  
Expressway  
9
5°32'53.50"N  
5°43'43.17"E  
Ekpan  
18  
J. Civil Eng. Urban., 9 (3): 17-23, 2019  
Computing the Water Quality Index  
The Water Quality Index is an important tool  
design to give a numerical value for easy evaluation of  
the quality of drinking water. The water quality index  
(WQI) takes into account nine water quality parameters  
which are dissolved oxygen, faecal coliform, pH, BOD,  
temperature difference, total phosphate, nitrate, turbidity,  
and Total solids for computation of the water quality  
Abbasi et al. (2012). The water quality index is  
computed by applying equation 1. The Q-value represent  
the water quality of a particular parameter which is  
obtained from a chart. Each physico-chemical parameter  
has a chart where the Q-Value can be obtained, Figure 3  
shows the chart for the Q-value of PH. Table 2 shows  
the weighting factor, which is a value assigned to each of  
the nine water quality parameter that signify its  
Figure 3. Q-Value chart for pH  
importance. Table 3 show the water quality rating.  
ꢒ
(
)
WQI = ∑  
1
 ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢄꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢉꢊꢋꢌꢉꢍꢊꢆꢎꢂꢏꢌꢐꢑ  
ꢓꢔꢕ  
∑
ꢈꢅꢉꢊꢋꢌꢉꢍꢊꢆꢎꢂꢏꢌꢐꢑ  
Statistical Analysis  
Table 2. Weighting factor for computing Water Quality  
Agglomerative hierarchy clustering (AHC) was  
used to analyse the water quality parameters test result.  
AHC explore the data set and try to cluster groups of  
observation that have similarity. This statistical method  
was employed in other to enable one know which groups  
of location in Uvwie LGA have similar concentration of a  
particular physico-chemical parameters. The Microsoft  
Xlstat software was used in performing the statistical  
analysis.  
Index  
Factor  
Weighting Factor (W)  
DO (% Saturation)  
Faecal Coliform nos./100ml  
pH  
0.17  
0.16  
0.11  
0.11  
0.1  
BOD (mg/L)  
Temperature change (oC)  
Total phosphate-P (mg/L)  
Nitrate (mg/L)  
0.1  
0.1  
Turbidity (NTU)  
Total Solids (mg/L)  
0.08  
0.07  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
Table 3. Water Quality Rating  
The result from the test carried out in the laboratory  
to determine the pyhsico-chemical constituent of the  
water is shown in Table 4 and Table 5. Table 4 shows the  
physical quality of the ground water, while Table 5 shows  
the chemical quality of the ground water in Uvwie LGA.  
Water Quality Index  
Water Quality  
>90-100  
>70-90  
>50-70  
>25-50  
0-25  
Excellent  
Good  
Medium  
Bad  
Very Bad  
Table 4. Test result showing the physical parameter of the ground water  
Total  
Hardness  
Sampling Points  
pH  
Temperature Conductivity  
TDS  
DO  
BOD5  
Turbidity Coliform  
Refinery Road  
PTI Road  
6.58  
8.46  
6.59  
5.11  
6.11  
5.83  
7.14  
7.04  
5.38  
6.5-8.5  
24.5  
25  
98.5  
214  
49.02  
111  
8.56  
4.15  
3.25  
6.87  
5.39  
5.83  
3.98  
8.53  
6.76  
NA  
0.04  
0.04  
0.04  
0.04  
0.04  
0.04  
0.04  
0.04  
0.04  
4.0  
25.51  
9.6  
13.99  
9.6  
0
0
28.12  
Jakpa Road  
24.44  
24.8  
24.76  
26.8  
25.4  
25.5  
25  
111  
55.52  
75  
61.57  
21.08  
12.76  
0.75  
0
Bendel Estate  
Effurun Market  
Okuokoko  
145  
0.26  
1.93  
24  
0
142  
440  
25  
0
12.87  
288.9  
341  
6.44  
144.5  
163  
Okorodudu Road  
Ekpan  
131.05  
2.1  
2.39  
6.44  
0.6  
0
0
NPA Expressway Ekpan  
WHO Standards  
118  
8.47  
1000  
500  
41.54  
NA  
0
NA  
1400  
1000  
5
Nigeria Industrial Standard (NIS 554) 6.5-8.5  
Ambient  
NA  
N/A  
150  
5
10  
19  
Ikebude and Onovughe, 2019  
Table 5. Test result showing the chemical parameter of the ground water  
3
-
2-  
Sampling Points  
Na  
NO3  
PO4  
K
Ca2+  
Mg2+  
HCO3  
Cl-  
SO4  
Pb2+  
Fe2+  
1.23  
Mn2+  
0.13  
Zn2+  
Refinery Road  
15.78  
0.0009  
1.39  
11.86  
8.23  
1.2  
25.6  
8
2
0.009  
0.009  
PTI Road  
16.23  
15.48  
957  
0.95  
5.5  
23  
12.23  
0.67  
0.1  
15.86  
6.98  
3.6  
1.529  
2.24  
2.88  
1.6  
19.85  
18  
5
1
2
0.009  
0.009  
0.009  
1.65  
0.08  
0.02  
0.08  
0.05  
0.12  
0.009  
0.009  
0.009  
Jakpa Road  
Bendel Estate  
20.8  
3.69  
14.8  
0.01  
11.87  
13.5  
Effurun Market  
Okuokoko  
Okorodudu Road  
835  
1.013  
8.23  
170  
0.0009  
12.2  
3.01  
0.02  
1.38  
9.88  
0.192  
8.16  
3
20.67  
0.076  
6.53  
190  
1.2  
60  
70.18  
2
20.32  
1.99  
1
2
0.009  
0.009  
0.009  
0.01  
0.01  
0.19  
0.34  
0.06  
0.43  
0.009  
0.009  
0.009  
0.173  
41.67  
Ekpan  
11.45  
2.13  
200  
15.2  
0.52  
50  
1.87  
0.05  
NA  
7.68  
1.11  
NA  
88.34  
12.5  
75  
34.98  
2.5  
68.5  
0.5  
19  
1.11  
2.2  
0.009  
0.009  
0.01  
0.05  
0.02  
0.3  
0.08  
0.02  
0.4  
0.009  
0.009  
3.0  
NPA Expressway Ekpan  
WHO Standards  
14.59  
250  
0.2  
NA  
250  
Nigeria Industrial Standard  
(NIS 554)  
200  
50  
NA  
NA  
NA  
0.2  
NA  
250  
100  
0.01  
0.3  
0.2  
3.0  
56% of the sampling points had turbidity value greater  
than the acceptable limit of both standard. Turbidity is  
caused by particulate matter that maybe present from the  
ground water aquifer due to poor filtration of the water by  
the sand bed above the aquifer or due to resuspension of  
sediment from the water distribution system. Incident  
with elevated level of turbidity have been associated with  
several outbreak of disease (Hudey, 2004; Mann et al.,  
2007).  
Physico-Chemical Parameters  
The result of the physico-chemical parameters of  
ground water in Uvwie LGA are presented in Table 4 and  
5, it can be observed that the pH ranged from 5.11-8.46.  
The pH values for most of the sampling points were lower  
than the acceptable limit of 6.5-8.5 specified by WHO,  
this observation where also noted in studies done by  
Asadu (2016) and Olobaniyi et al (2007). Even though  
there is no scientific base that the pH of drinking water  
has an impact on human health, some believe that  
consumption of drinking water with low pH value causes  
acidosis and skin irritation. Sampling points such has  
Bendel Estate, Okuokoko, NPA Expressway Ekpan and  
Effurun Market with very low pH value can have  
challenges due to corrosion of water mains and pipes in  
their water distribution system. The possible reason of  
low-pH value in ground water in Uvwie community is  
due to the presence of the refining activities taking place  
in the community and the poor practice of burning of  
natural gases found in petroleum through gas flaring  
which led to release of harmful gases like nitrogen oxide  
and sulphur oxide to the atmosphere thereby mixing with  
precipitation which result to acid rain that infiltrate to the  
ground water aquifer. The conductivity of the ground  
water ranged from 12.87 – 341 μS/cm, the value were  
within acceptable limit for both the WHO and NIS  
Standards. The electrical conductivity determine the  
ground water capability to pass an electrical charge. The  
total dissolved solute (TDS) gives indication about the  
amount of inorganic salt and also indication of the clarity  
of the ground water. The TDS ranged from 6.44 –  
440mg/l which was below the acceptable limit by both  
Standards. Ground water in Okuokoko may have an  
unacceptable taste because of it flat and insipid taste due  
to the very low TDS found in the ground water. About  
The concentration of sodium in ground water in  
Uvwie LGA ranged from 2.13 – 957 mg/l. Concentration  
of sodium in the ground water in Bendel Estate and  
Effurun market excessed that acceptable limit set by  
WHO. Increase consumption of sodium in ground water  
can possibly lead to occurrence of hypertension, but no  
firm conclusion had been made concerning the  
association. High level of sodium in ground water can  
react with the soil and reduce the level of permeability of  
the soil (Todd, 1980). The nitrate concentration in Uvwie  
ranged from 0.0009 – 170 mg/l. Concentration of nitrate  
at Effurun market far excessed WHO acceptable limit of  
50 mg/l. The high level of nitrate in Effurun market  
ground water can result in methaemoglobinaemia (blue-  
baby syndrome) in infants.. Possible treatment method of  
excessive nitrate in the ground water at Effurun market  
can be achieved by ion exchange. The level of  
concentration of potassium ranged from 0.192 - 15.86  
mg/l and there was no acceptable limit stipulated by  
WHO and NIS. The calcium concentration ranged from  
0.173 – 88.34 mg/l. Majority of the sampling point where  
within acceptable limit stipulated by WHO with the  
exception of Ekpan with had calcium concentration of  
88.34 mg/l. Calcium is needed in human body at a  
reasonable quantity as it help in bone formation and  
repairs. The manganese concentration for the study  
20  
J. Civil Eng. Urban., 9 (3): 17-23, 2019  
ranged from 0.02 – 0.43 mg/l, manganese concentration  
market. Water quality for NPA Expressway Ekpan was  
found to be the best, these was as a result of the low  
physico-Chemical parameters found in the ground water  
in that sampling point.  
level for most of the sampling points were within  
acceptable limit of 0.4mg/l as stipulated by WHO and  
NIS. Okorodudu Road was the only sampling point that  
had concentration above the stipulated guideline value by  
WHO. Manganese can result to adverse health effect from  
deficiency or overexposure. Consumption of ground  
water with high manganese concentration can result to  
neurological effects (e.g., tremor, gait disorders). The  
level of concentration of chloride found in the ground  
water for the various sampling points were all within  
acceptable guideline value stipulated by WHO. The level  
of the concentration of chloride were in-line with the  
study done by Olobaniyi et al. (2007). The level of  
chloride in ground water can be increased by the sea  
water intrusion into the ground water aquifer, urban  
runoff containing de-icing salt and industrial effluents.  
High level of chloride can result in the ground water  
having a bitter taste and can also lead to corrosion in  
distribution system. Lead concentration limit found in all  
sampling locations were below the WHO guideline value.  
The lead concentration in all sampling location was 0.009  
mg/l. The level of concentration of iron ranged from 0.01  
– 1.65 mg/l, with PTI road having the highest  
concentration of iron content. Increased level of iron  
content in water can result from leaching of Fe2+ into  
groundwater from iron-bearing minerals such as hematite,  
limonite and goethite (Olobaniyi et al, 2007) and also  
from the use of iron coagulants or the corrosion of steel  
and cast iron pipes during water distribution. Water from  
PTI road and Refinery Road will give a brownish stain to  
clothes when used for laundry and this is as the result of  
the oxidation of iron from Fe2+ to Fe3+. The concentration  
of zinc for all sampling points was 0.009 mg/l, this value  
was far below the acceptable limit stipulate by WHO for  
the amount of zinc present in water that would be suitable  
for consumption. The sulphate concentration level was  
far below acceptable limit by WHO, however high  
concentration of sulphate in water can result to  
gastrointestinal health effects.  
Agglomerative Hierarchy Clustering (AHC)  
Agglomerative Hierarchy Clustering (AHC) help  
clusters or group observations with similar profile, these  
statistical approach was employed to see samplings points  
with similar physico-chemical parameter. The analysis  
was ran for both pyhsico-chemical parameters in Table 4  
and 5. Results from the statistical analysis are presented  
from Figure 5-8. Figure 5 show the grouping of the  
sampling points for Table 1, it can be observed that the  
cutting plane cut the dendrogram into five groups. Group  
1 comprises of Refinery Road, Bendel Estate and NPA  
Expressway Ekpan, Group 2 comprises of PTI Road,  
Jakpa Road and Okorodudu Road, Effurun Market was  
grouped as group 3, Okuokoko was grouped as group 4  
while Ekpan was grouped as group 5. The parallel plot as  
shown in Figure 6, shows the relationship between the  
groups and the physico-chemical parameters.  
Table 6. Water quality index  
S/N  
WQI  
WQI Rating  
Sampling Points  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Refinery Road  
PTI Road  
Jakpa Road  
Bendel Estate  
Effurun Market  
Okuokoko  
Okorodudu Road  
Ekpan  
79.02  
63.96  
70.70  
74.31  
49.38  
73.46  
66.43  
74.78  
81.14  
Good  
Medium  
Medium  
Good  
Bad  
Good  
Medium  
Good  
Good  
NPA Expressway Ekpan  
WQI  
Medium  
Excellent  
Bad  
Good  
Very Bad  
100  
90  
80  
70  
60  
50  
40  
30  
20  
10  
0
Water Quality Index  
The water quality index computed for the sampling  
points are presented in Table 6. From Figure 4, it can be  
seen that the water quality for most of the sampling points  
where between medium and good with the exception of  
Effurun market which had a water quality index of 49.38  
thereby giving it a rating of Bad. The bad water found in  
Effurun market is as a result of the high faecal Coliform  
as shown in Table 4 found in the ground water in Effurun  
Sampling Points  
Figure 4. Bar chart showing water quality index with the  
water quality rating  
21  
Ikebude and Onovughe, 2019  
Figure 7 show the grouping of the sampling points  
Dendrogram  
18  
16  
14  
12  
10  
8
for Table 2, it can be observed that the cutting plane cut  
the dendrogram into six groups. Group 1 comprises of  
Refinery Road and Bendel Estate, PTI Road was grouped  
as group 2, Group 3 comprises of NPA Expressway  
Ekpan, Jakpa Road and Okuokoko, Effurun Market was  
grouped as group 4, Okorodudu Road was grouped as  
group 5 while Ekpan was grouped as group 6. The  
parallel plot as shown in Figure 8, shows the relationship  
between the groups and the physico-chemical parameters.  
6
4
2
0
Dendrogram  
35  
30  
25  
20  
15  
10  
5
Figure 5. Dendrogram showing result from analysis of  
pyhsico-chemical parameter from Table 1.  
Parallel coordinates plot  
1
0.9  
0.8  
0.7  
0.6  
0.5  
0.4  
0.3  
0.2  
0.1  
0
0
Figure 7. Dendrogram showing result from analysis of  
pyhsico-chemical parameter from table 2.  
Conductivity  
Coliform  
Total Hardness  
BOD5  
Turbidity  
Ph  
DO  
Parallel coordinates plot  
Temperature  
TDS  
1
0.9  
0.8  
0.7  
0.6  
0.5  
0.4  
0.3  
0.2  
0.1  
0
Figure 6. Parallel plot showing the relationship between  
the groups and the physico-chemical parameter in table 1.  
From Figure 6, it can be observed from the parallel  
plot that group 1 has the lowest pH value, similar  
treatment method can be applied to these group to  
stabilize the pH in the ground water to acceptable limit.  
Group 2 had the highest pH value and the highest total  
hardness value, frequency monitoring and maintenance  
should be carried out on the main of the water distribution  
system as scale in pipes and heat exchanger tend to  
develop more in these regions. Group 3 had the highest  
TDS and the highest faecal Coliform, high alert should be  
taken when drinking water from these region as there are  
high presence of bacteria in the water which can cause  
harm to the human body. Government agencies should  
monitor how human sewage are discharged in this area.  
The water temperature and turbidity were high in group 4,  
filtration of drinking water is very important in these  
region as more suspended particle can be found in water  
in these regions. Group 5 had the highest conductivity and  
dissolved oxygen content.  
Na  
PO43  
Ca2+  
HCO3-  
SO42-  
Fe2+ + Fe3+  
Pb2+ Mn2+  
Zn2+  
NO3  
K
Mg2+  
Cl-  
Figure 8. Parallel plot showing the relationship between  
the groups and the physico-chemical parameter in table 2.  
From Figure 8, it can be observed that group 4 had  
the highest amount of sodium, bicarbonate and Nitrate.  
Group 2 had the high amount of potassium, sulphate and  
iron content found in the ground water. Group 6 had the  
highest concentration of calcium and Magnesium, while  
group 5 had the highest concentration of Manganese.  
Clustering of the sampling points enable a similar  
treatment method to be carried out for sampling points  
within a group.  
22  
J. Civil Eng. Urban., 9 (3): 17-23, 2019  
Adelana et al. (2004). Water quality in growing urban centre  
CONCLUSION  
along the coast of south western Nigeria in:Seilder, k, p.w  
and xi R(eds). Research Basic and hydrological planning,  
Balkama, The Netherlands, pp83-92.  
From the assessment of the physico-chemical parameters  
and water quality index of ground water in Uvwie LGA, it  
can be concluded that majority of the sampling points had  
most of their physico-chemical properties in-line with  
guideline value stipulated by WHO, with NPA  
Expressway Ekpan having majority of it physico-  
chemical properties within acceptable limit while Effurun  
market have more of its physico-chemical parameter  
above the stipulated guideline value. The water quality  
index also showed that NPA Expressway Ekpan had the  
best water quality with WQI of 81.14 while Effurun  
market had the least water quality with WQI of 49.38.  
Aderiye et al. (2017). Assessment of borehole water quality in  
Yola-Jimeta Metropolis, Nigeria. “International Journal of  
water resources and Environmental Engineering. Vol. 4,  
No. 9, pp 287 – 293  
APHA (1992). Standard methods of the examination of water  
and wastewater. 16th edition, America Public Health  
Association, Washington, D. C.  
Asadu, A. (2106). Assessment of Water Quality of Delta State,  
Agbarho Area, Nigeria. International Research Journal of  
Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies. 2(4). p. 57-  
65.  
Asuquo J. et al. (2012). Water quality index for assessment of  
borehole quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State.  
Binu, K., et al. (2014). Physico-chemical characterization and  
water quality index of ground water of Dhanbad town  
area. Advances in Applied Science Research. 5(3). P.286-  
292  
Recommendation  
It is highly recommended that further research be  
carried out by scientist and expert in this area especially  
as it concerns bacteriological test which was not well  
researched in this study. Also, radiological test has  
become necessary due to industrial set up around the  
study area. Open dump site should be discouraged to  
prevent leachate from infiltrating to join ground water.  
Ekpete (2012). Determination of Physio-Chemical parameters in  
borehole water in Odihologboji Community in Delta  
State. African Journal of interdisciplinary studies, vol. 3,  
No. 1, pp 23 – 27.  
Kehinde, C (1998), Water quality from hand dug wells in  
Ibadan, proceedings from the Nigerian Hydrological  
Science conference on hydrology for disaster  
Management, Federal university of Agriculture Abeokuta.  
DECLARATION  
Olasehinde and Yisa (2010), “Characterization of groundwater  
chemistry in the coastal plain-sand Acquifer of Owerri  
using factor Analysis. “International Journal of Physical  
Sciences Vol. 5, pp 1306 – 1314  
Acknowledgement  
We acknowledge the support of members of staff at  
the light house petroleum engineering laboratory for the  
lab analysis. We also acknowledge the support of a  
member of staff of Gramen petroserve Nigeria Limited  
for the acquisition of field samples for physico-chemical  
testing and analysis.  
Olobaniyi, S. et al. (2007). Quality of Groundwater in Delta  
State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Hydrology. 15(6).  
p.1-11.  
Raghunath, H. (2006): Hydrology (Principle, analysis and  
design). 2nd Ed. New Delhi: New Age International  
Limited, Publishers.  
Authors’ contributions  
The Corresponding author have contributed more to  
this work than the co-author.  
Todd (1980). Environmental Chemistry. 6th Edition, New-Age  
International Ltd, New Delhi, pp 207-208.  
WHO (2006). International Standard for Drinking Water and  
Guidelines for Water Quality. Geneva.  
Competing interests  
The authors declare that they have no competing  
interest.  
REFERENCE  
Abasi et al. (2012). A preliminary assessment of rare earth  
elements concentrations in an acidic fresh ground water  
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Adelana et al. (2003). Quality Assessment of pollution  
vulnerability of ground water in Lagos metropolis, south  
west, Nigeria in proceeding of aquifer Vulnerability Risk  
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